Când „Albina Românească” înștiința cititorii săi, în nr. 82 din anul 1841, că la Darabani luase ființă o nouă școală sătească, în Moldova existau deja, prin multe sate, asemenea instituții patronate de boieri. Dar școala din Darabani, ctitorie ivită la inițiativa hatmanului Theodor Balș, devine repede o instituție oficială. Balș obținuse de la cârmuire, odată cu înființarea școlii, și o subvenție de 1000 de lei anual pentru retribuirea învățătorului. Banii proveneau din bugetul Epitropiei școlilor. Epitropia desemnează și un învățător pentru Darabani, pe Gheorghe Crudu, cu studii seminaristice la Socola.
Foarte important: cu acest prilej Asachi elaborează un „plan lămuritor” privind funcționarea învățământului sătesc. Cele cinci articole ale planului lămuritor se refereau la vârsta elevilor (8-14 ani), durata lecțiilor zilnice (4 ore vara, cu pauză de masă, și 3 ore iarna), durata școlarizării (2 ani), programa pentru anul începător și pentru anul II.
Planul lămuritor conținea instrucțiuni speciale privind munca practică în grădina școlară, unde fiecare elev avea o „porție” de pământ cuprinzând și pomi fructiferi. Un absolvent urma să posede și cunoștințe de gramatică, citire și aritmetică, istorie sfântă, scriere, rugăciuni, istorisiri morale, lucrarea pământului, caligrafie și cântări bisericești.
Cum se vede, programa de învățământ gândită de Gheorghe Asachi avea un caracter enciclopedic, urmărind instruirea multilaterală a școlarilor, care trebuiau să se aleagă și cu niște deprinderi practice de muncă.
Acest plan lămuritor este de fapt un regulament de organizare a învățământului sătesc, primul de acest gen în Moldova. Așa cum școala înființată la Darabani în 1841, cu învățător plătit de stat și funcționând după normele ferme ale unui regulament de organizare, trebuie considerată că întâia școală sătească de stat din Moldova.
Articol semnat de Victor Teișanu în Clopotul de Botoșani în 1986.
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Understanding COSC Validation and Its Importance in Watchmaking
COSC Accreditation and its Stringent Criteria
Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, or the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, is the official Switzerland testing agency that attests to the accuracy and precision of timepieces. COSC certification is a symbol of superior craftsmanship and reliability in timekeeping. Not all watch brands pursue COSC validation, such as Hublot, which instead follows to its own stringent criteria with movements like the UNICO, achieving comparable precision.
The Art of Precision Chronometry
The central system of a mechanized watch involves the spring, which delivers energy as it loosens. This system, however, can be prone to environmental factors that may affect its precision. COSC-validated movements undergo strict testing—over fifteen days in various conditions (5 positions, 3 temperatures)—to ensure their resilience and dependability. The tests evaluate:
Average daily rate accuracy between -4 and +6 seconds.
Mean variation, peak variation rates, and effects of temperature changes.
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For timepiece enthusiasts and collectors, a COSC-certified timepiece isn’t just a item of technology but a proof to enduring excellence and precision. It symbolizes a timepiece that:
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Several well-known brands prioritize COSC accreditation for their timepieces, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, presents collections like the Archive and Spirit, which highlight COSC-validated mechanisms equipped with innovative materials like silicone equilibrium springs to improve resilience and performance.
Historic Context and the Evolution of Chronometers
The notion of the chronometer dates back to the requirement for accurate timekeeping for navigation at sea, highlighted by John Harrison’s work in the 18th century. Since the formal foundation of COSC in 1973, the certification has become a benchmark for judging the precision of high-end watches, maintaining a legacy of superiority in watchmaking.
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Owning a COSC-validated watch is more than an visual choice; it’s a dedication to excellence and accuracy. For those appreciating precision above all, the COSC accreditation provides tranquility of mind, ensuring that each validated watch will function dependably under various conditions. Whether for personal contentment or as an investment decision, COSC-accredited timepieces stand out in the world of watchmaking, bearing on a legacy of precise timekeeping.
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